taƙaitaccen bayanin:
Pharmacopoeia na kasar Sin (bugu na 2020) yana buƙatar cewa abin da ake samu na methanol na YCH bai kamata ya zama ƙasa da 20.0% ba.2], ba tare da wasu ƙayyadaddun alamun ƙimar ingancin ba. Sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna cewa abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai na methanol na daji da samfurori da aka noma duka sun hadu da ma'auni na pharmacopoeia, kuma babu wani gagarumin bambanci a tsakanin su. Saboda haka, babu wani bambanci mai inganci tsakanin daji da samfuran da aka noma, bisa ga wannan fihirisar. Koyaya, abubuwan da ke cikin jimillar sterols da jimillar flavonoids a cikin samfuran daji sun fi waɗanda ke cikin samfuran da aka noma girma sosai. Ƙarin bincike na metabolomic ya nuna bambance-bambancen metabolite tsakanin daji da samfuran da aka noma. Bugu da ƙari, 97 daban-daban metabolites an tantance su, waɗanda aka jera a cikinKarin Magana S2. Daga cikin waɗannan nau'o'in metabolites daban-daban akwai β-sitosterol (ID shine M397T42) da kuma abubuwan quercetin (M447T204_2), waɗanda aka ba da rahoton cewa kayan aiki ne. Abubuwan da ba a ba da rahoto a baya ba, irin su trigonelline (M138T291_2), betaine (M118T277_2), fustin (M269T36), rotenone (M241T189), arctiin (M557T165) da loganic acid (M399T284_2) sun haɗa da metabobi daban-daban. Wadannan abubuwan da aka gyara suna taka rawa daban-daban a cikin anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, scavenging free radicals, anti-cancer da kuma kula da atherosclerosis kuma, sabili da haka, na iya zama abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin YCH. Abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai masu aiki suna ƙayyade inganci da ingancin kayan magani [7]. A taƙaice, tsantsar methanol azaman madaidaicin ƙimar ƙimar YCH kawai yana da wasu iyakoki, kuma ƙarin takamaiman alamun inganci yana buƙatar ƙarin bincike. Akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin jimlar sterols, jimlar flavonoids da abubuwan da ke cikin sauran nau'ikan metabolites masu yawa tsakanin daji da haɓaka YCH; don haka, akwai yuwuwar samun wasu bambance-bambance masu inganci a tsakaninsu. A lokaci guda, sabbin abubuwan da aka gano masu iya aiki a cikin YCH na iya samun mahimmancin ƙima don nazarin tushen aikin YCH da ƙarin haɓaka albarkatun YCH.
An daɗe da sanin mahimmancin kayan magani na gaske a takamaiman yanki na asali don samar da magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin masu inganci [
8]. Babban inganci shine muhimmin sifa na kayan aikin magani na gaske, kuma wurin zama muhimmin abu ne da ke shafar ingancin irin waɗannan kayan. Tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da YCH a matsayin magani, YCH na daji ya daɗe yana mamaye ta. Bayan nasarar shigar da YCH a Ningxia a cikin shekarun 1980, tushen kayan magani na Yinchaihu a hankali ya tashi daga daji zuwa aikin YCH. A cewar binciken da aka yi a baya kan majiyoyin YCH [
9] da kuma binciken filin binciken rukunin bincikenmu, akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin wuraren rarraba kayan aikin noma da na daji. An rarraba daji na YCH a yankin Ningxia Hui mai cin gashin kansa na lardin Shaanxi, kusa da shiyyar Mongoliya ta ciki da kuma tsakiyar Ningxia. Musamman, hamadar hamada a cikin waɗannan yankuna shine mafi dacewa wurin zama don haɓaka YCH. Akasin haka, ana rarraba YCH da aka noma a kudancin yankin da ake rarraba daji, kamar gundumar Tongxin (Cultivated I) da kewayenta, wanda ya zama wurin noma mafi girma a kasar Sin, da gundumar Pengyang (Cultivated II). , wanda ke cikin yankin kudanci kuma wani yanki ne mai samar da YCH da ake nomawa. Bugu da ƙari, wuraren zama na wuraren da aka noma biyu na sama ba sahun hamada ba ne. Sabili da haka, ban da yanayin samarwa, akwai kuma bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin mazaunin daji da kuma horar da YCH. Mazauni muhimmin abu ne da ke shafar ingancin kayan magani na ganye. Mazauna daban-daban za su yi tasiri ga samuwar da tarawar metabolites na biyu a cikin tsire-tsire, ta haka zai shafi ingancin samfuran magani.
10,
11]. Don haka, bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin jimillar flavonoids da jimlar sterols da kuma bayanin 53 metabolites da muka samu a cikin wannan binciken na iya zama sakamakon sarrafa filin da bambance-bambancen mazaunin.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da muhalli ke yin tasiri ga ingancin kayan magani shine ta hanyar damuwa a kan tsire-tsire masu tushe. Matsakaicin damuwa na muhalli yana haifar da haɓaka tarin metabolites na biyu [
12,
13]. Hasashen haɓaka / bambance-bambancen ma'auni yana nuna cewa, lokacin da abinci mai gina jiki ke da isasshen wadatar, shuke-shuke da farko suna girma, yayin da lokacin da abubuwan gina jiki ba su da ƙarfi, tsire-tsire galibi suna bambanta kuma suna samar da ƙarin metabolites na biyu.
14]. Matsalolin fari da karancin ruwa ke haifarwa shine babban matsalar muhalli da tsire-tsire ke fuskanta a wuraren da ba su da iska. A cikin wannan binciken, yanayin ruwa na YCH da aka noma ya fi yawa, tare da matakan hazo na shekara-shekara ya fi girma fiye da na YCH daji (samar da ruwa don Cultivated I was game 2 times that of Wild; Cultivated II was about 3.5 times that of Wild). ). Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa a cikin yanayin daji ƙasa ce mai yashi, amma ƙasa a cikin gonaki ƙasa ce ta yumbu. Idan aka kwatanta da yumbu, ƙasa mai yashi yana da ƙarancin iya riƙe ruwa kuma yana iya ƙara tsananta damuwa na fari. A lokaci guda kuma, tsarin noman yana sau da yawa tare da shayarwa, don haka matakin damuwa na fari ya ragu. Wild YCH yana girma a cikin wurare masu ƙazanta na yanayi, sabili da haka yana iya fuskantar matsanancin damuwa na fari.
Osmoregulation wani muhimmin tsarin ilimin lissafi ne wanda tsire-tsire ke jure wa damuwa na fari, kuma alkaloids sune mahimman masu sarrafa osmotic a cikin tsire-tsire masu girma.
15]. Betaines alkaloid quaternary ammonium mahadi ne masu narkewa da ruwa kuma suna iya aiki azaman osmoprotectants. Damuwar fari na iya rage yuwuwar osmotic na sel, yayin da osmoprotectants ke kiyayewa da kiyaye tsari da amincin macromolecules na halitta, da kuma sauƙaƙe lalacewar da damuwa ta fari ga tsire-tsire.
16]. Misali, a karkashin damuwa na fari, abun ciki na betaine na gwoza sugar da Lycium barbarum ya karu sosai.
17,
18]. Trigonelline shi ne mai kula da ci gaban tantanin halitta, kuma a ƙarƙashin damuwa na fari, zai iya tsawaita tsawon tsarin kwayar halitta, ya hana ci gaban kwayar halitta kuma ya haifar da raguwar ƙarar tantanin halitta. Ƙarfafa dangi a cikin maida hankali a cikin tantanin halitta yana ba da damar shuka don cimma tsarin osmotic da haɓaka ikonsa na tsayayya da damuwa na fari [
19]. JIA X [
20] ya gano cewa, tare da karuwar damuwa na fari, Astragalus membranaceus (tushen maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin) ya samar da karin trigonelline, wanda ke aiki don daidaita yiwuwar osmotic da kuma inganta ikon yin tsayayya da damuwa na fari. Flavonoids kuma an nuna suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jure yanayin fari [
21,
22]. Yawancin bincike sun tabbatar da cewa matsakaicin damuwa na fari yana da tasiri ga tarin flavonoids. Lang Duo-Yong et al. [
23] idan aka kwatanta tasirin damuwa na fari akan YCH ta hanyar sarrafa karfin ruwa a cikin filin. An gano cewa damuwa na fari ya hana ci gaban tushen zuwa wani matsayi, amma a cikin matsakaici da matsananciyar damuwa na fari (40% ikon rike ruwan filin), jimlar flavonoid a cikin YCH ya karu. A halin yanzu, a karkashin danniya na fari, phytosterols na iya yin aiki don daidaita yanayin ruwa na sel da haɓakawa, hana asarar ruwa da haɓaka juriya na damuwa.
24,
25]. Don haka, ƙara yawan tarin flavonoids, jimlar sterols, betaine, trigonelline da sauran metabolites na biyu a cikin daji YCH na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da tsananin tsananin fari.
A cikin wannan binciken, an gudanar da nazarin haɓaka hanyoyin KEGG akan abubuwan da aka gano sun bambanta sosai tsakanin daji da YCH da aka noma. Abubuwan da aka wadatar sun haɗa da waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin hanyoyin ascorbate da aldarate metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, histidine metabolism da beta-alanine metabolism. Wadannan hanyoyin rayuwa suna da alaƙa da alaƙa da hanyoyin juriya na damuwa na shuka. Daga cikin su, ascorbate metabolism yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin samar da antioxidant shuka, carbon da nitrogen metabolism, juriya na danniya da sauran ayyukan ilimin kimiya.
26]; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis hanya ce mai mahimmanci don samar da furotin [
27,
28], wanda ke da hannu a cikin haɗin sunadarai masu jure damuwa. Duk hanyoyin histidine da β-alanine na iya haɓaka jurewar shuka ga damuwa na muhalli.
29,
30]. Wannan yana ƙara nuna cewa bambance-bambance a cikin metabolites tsakanin daji da YCH da aka noma yana da alaƙa da tsarin juriya na damuwa.
Ƙasa ita ce tushen abu don girma da ci gaban tsire-tsire na magani. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) da potassium (K) a cikin ƙasa sune mahimman abubuwan gina jiki don girma da haɓaka shuke-shuke. Har ila yau, kwayoyin halitta na ƙasa sun ƙunshi N, P, K, Zn, Ca, Mg da sauran macroelements da abubuwan gano abubuwan da ake buƙata don tsire-tsire masu magani. Abubuwan gina jiki masu yawa ko ƙarancin abinci, ko rashin daidaituwa na abinci mai gina jiki, zai shafi haɓakawa da haɓakawa da ingancin kayan magani, kuma tsire-tsire daban-daban suna da buƙatun abinci daban-daban [
31,
32,
33]. Alal misali, ƙananan N danniya ya inganta haɗin alkaloids a cikin Isatis indigotica, kuma yana da amfani ga tarin flavonoids a cikin tsire-tsire irin su Tetrastigma hemsleyanum, Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge da Dichondra repens Forst. Sabanin haka, da yawa N ya hana tarin flavonoids a cikin nau'ikan irin su Erigeron breviscapus, Abrus cantoniensis da Ginkgo biloba, kuma ya shafi ingancin kayan magani [
34]. Yin amfani da taki na P yana da tasiri wajen haɓaka abun ciki na glycyrrhizic acid da dihydroacetone a cikin licorice Ural.
35]. Lokacin da adadin aikace-aikacen ya wuce 0·12 kg·m−2, jimlar abun ciki na flavonoid a Tussilago farfara ya ragu [
36]. Yin amfani da taki na P yana da mummunan tasiri akan abun ciki na polysaccharides a cikin maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin rhizoma polygonati [
37], amma wani K taki yana da tasiri wajen haɓaka abun ciki na saponins.
38]. Yin amfani da taki mai nauyin kilogiram 450 · hm−2 K shine mafi kyawun girma da tarin saponin na Panax notoginseng mai shekaru biyu.
39]. A ƙarƙashin rabo na N: P: K = 2: 2: 1, jimlar adadin hydrothermal tsantsa, harpagide da harpagoside sune mafi girma.
40]. Babban rabo na N, P da K yana da fa'ida don haɓaka haɓakar cablin Pogostemon da haɓaka abun ciki na mai maras tabbas. Ƙananan rabo na N, P da K sun haɓaka abun ciki na manyan abubuwan da suka dace na Pogostemon cablin kara man ganye [
41]. YCH shuka ce mai jure ƙasa bakarara, kuma tana iya samun takamaiman buƙatu don sinadirai kamar N, P da K. A cikin wannan binciken, idan aka kwatanta da YCH da aka noma, ƙasan tsiron YCH na daji ya kasance bakarara: abun cikin ƙasa. na kwayoyin halitta, jimlar N, jimlar P da jimlar K sun kasance kusan 1/10, 1/2, 1/3 da 1/3 na tsire-tsire da aka noma, bi da bi. Saboda haka, bambance-bambance a cikin abubuwan gina jiki na ƙasa na iya zama wani dalili na bambance-bambance tsakanin metabolites da aka gano a cikin YCH da aka noma da daji. Weibao Ma et al. [
42] ya gano cewa amfani da wani adadin takin N da takin P ya inganta yawan amfanin gona da ingancin iri. Koyaya, tasirin abubuwan gina jiki akan ingancin YCH bai fito fili ba, kuma matakan hadi don haɓaka ingancin kayan magani na buƙatar ƙarin nazari.
Magungunan ganyayyaki na kasar Sin suna da halaye na "Gidajen zama masu kyau suna haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa, kuma wuraren da ba su da kyau suna haɓaka inganci" [
43]. A cikin tafiyar da sannu-sannu daga daji zuwa noma YCH, mazaunin shuke-shuke ya canza daga ciyayi maras sosa rai da maraƙin hamada zuwa ƙasar noma mai albarka mai yawan ruwa. Mazauni na YCH da aka noma ya fi girma kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa ya fi girma, wanda ke taimakawa wajen biyan bukatar kasuwa. Duk da haka, wannan maɗaukakiyar mazaunin ya haifar da gagarumin canje-canje a cikin metabolites na YCH; ko wannan ya dace don inganta ingancin YCH da kuma yadda za a samu ingantaccen samar da YCH ta hanyar matakan noma na kimiyya zai buƙaci ƙarin bincike.
Noman mazaunin simulative wata hanya ce ta kwaikwayi wurin zama da yanayin muhalli na tsire-tsire na magani na daji, dangane da sanin dogon lokaci na daidaitawar tsire-tsire zuwa takamaiman matsalolin muhalli [
43]. Ta hanyar kwaikwaya abubuwan muhalli daban-daban waɗanda ke shafar tsiron daji, musamman ma asalin asalin tsire-tsire da aka yi amfani da su azaman tushen ingantattun kayan magani, tsarin yana amfani da ƙirar kimiyya da sabbin hanyoyin sa hannun ɗan adam don daidaita haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar ci gaba da na biyu na tsire-tsire na magani na kasar Sin.
43]. Hanyoyin suna nufin cimma ingantattun shirye-shirye don haɓaka kayan aikin magani masu inganci. Ya kamata noman wurin zama na simulative ya samar da ingantacciyar hanya don samar da ingantaccen ingancin YCH koda lokacin da tushen magunguna, alamomi masu inganci da hanyoyin mayar da martani ga abubuwan muhalli ba su da tabbas. Don haka, muna ba da shawarar cewa, ya kamata a aiwatar da ƙirar kimiyya da matakan sarrafa fage wajen noma da samar da YCH tare da la'akari da halayen muhalli na YCH daji, kamar yanayin ƙasa maras bushewa, bakarara da yashi. A lokaci guda kuma, ana kuma fatan masu bincike za su gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kan tushen kayan aiki da alamun ingancin YCH. Wadannan karatun na iya samar da ingantaccen ma'auni na kimantawa ga YCH, da haɓaka ingantaccen samarwa da ci gaba mai dorewa na masana'antu.
